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- 91-04/Neural.info
- From: "Marc W. Cygnus" <cygnus@cis.udel.edu>
- Subject: Neural Interfacing (some current info)
- Date: 29 Apr 91 04:14:32 GMT
- Organization: UDel Artificial Life Group
-
-
-
- Over the past week or so I've seen a few articles speculating on the progress
- of the state-of-the-art in neural interfacing; following is some information
- on "current" (mid-1990) research which I hope will be useful to anyone
- interested in this field. (I certainly am... you could call it a burning
- obsession of sorts :-) References are at the end of the posting.
-
- In the May 1990 issue of _Science_, Science intern Sarah Williams reports on
- a neural interface device developed at Stanford University [1]. The report
- contains information presented by Gregory Kovacs at a 1990 plastic surgeons'
- meeting held in May in Washington, D.C..
-
- Apparently, she slightly misrepresented a few details in the report, because
- in the June issue there's a letter from Kovacs in which he "[clarifies]
- some statements made in... [the] article..." [2]. (nothing major, just
- details)
-
- Here is a summary of the information in the article, corrected where
- necessary by drawing from Kovacs' letter:
-
- Gregory Kovacs (Stanford University), along with Joseph Rosen (Stanford),
- Bernard Widrow (Stanford), and Chris Storment (Dept. of Veterans Affairs)
- have tested a neural interface chip which allowed recording of action
- potentials from individual neurons in their experimental setup.
-
- The chip was a little slice of silicon onto which a square array of 1,024
- iridium microelectrodes were "stenciled." Then, a "high-performance plasma
- etching process" [2] was employed to drill tiny holes through each pad and
- through the chip, after which the entire chip was coated with silicon
- nitride.
-
- In their experimental setup, they implanted the chip in a rat's leg by
- severing a nerve (presumably a "well-known" peripheral nerve), inserting
- the chip in the cleft, and allowing the nerve to regenerate; during the
- regeneration, individual nerve cells grew through the holes in the chip,
- thereby providing a microelectronic link to each axon's activity.
-
- Kovacs says in his letter,
-
- We make no claim to have been able to stimulate "individual neurons."
- While this may be possible with our device, our initial experiments
- were not designed to test this. In the pilot study, we demonstrated
- recording from, and stimulation of, peripheral nerves. We believe
- that we were able to _record_ action potentials from individual
- neurons. However, there is a big difference between stimulating and
- recording. Current work is focused on determining how selective the
- devices are in both of these modes. [2]
-
- The last paragraph of his letter is perhaps more important to those of us
- wishing to understand the state of progress in this field. He says,
-
- Attempts to fabricate and use such neural interfaces are not new.
- Since the early 1960s experiments have been conducted along those lines,
- but only recently have fabrication techniques been developed that allow
- devices to survive in the body for extended periods. Interfacing to
- the nervous system will undoubtedly be done sooner or later, with or
- without this project. The only claim we make is that we are doing our
- best to achieve this goal. [2]
-
-
- Another big advance related to the problem of direct neural interfacing came
- about fairly recently but I cannot remember my source. If anyone knows of
- the research I'm describing in the following sentences, please email me! If
- not, I'm sure I can dig up the references given a little time. So, for those
- of you who don't do this automatically for missing references, please *take-
- what-i-say-with-a-grain-of-salt*, because this is strictly from memory.
-
- Anyway, the work has to do with the fact that cells of the CNS aren't happy
- regenerating (one of the reasons spinal cord injuries are so traumatic).
- The reason CNS cells don't regenerate has apparently been either discovered
- or more precisely defined: it's not that they don't regenerate, it's that
- the body secretes a growth-suppression factor which keeps them from regen-
- erating. A research group has found an anti growth-suppression factor which
- either suppresses or negates the effects of the natural factor; they have
- reported regeneration success in an experiment where they severed the spinal
- cord of a rat to which the anti growth-suppression factor was administered.
- I want to say the experiment involved actually _removing_ a small (>1mm or
- less) section of nerve so that the ends weren't touching, but I'm not really
- sure about that.
-
- The stuff above, in conjunction with the Stanford experiments, is tremendously
- exciting, at least for me. Of course, there exist complicating questions and
- problems beyond those associated with simply "tapping into" a single neuron.
- Is that really what should be done? A big problem there is the fact that
- science has yet to really make a dent in the neural connectivity problem.
- It's one thing to have action potential information for every single axon in
- a bundle, but it's an entirely different thing to assimilate that information
- into something meaningful. Much more often in research it's population
- potentials (intercellular potentials resulting from the combined microcurrents
- through a small population of neurons) which are correlated to events in
- the physical world. Then again, the field of neural networks (in the silicon
- context, not the biological :-) might likely hold a solution to the inter-
- pretation problem.
-
- I fancy the applications to VR interfaces, if (*when*!) that time comes, will
- appear long after rehabilitative applications are perfected, but progress is
- after all progress!
-
- -marcus-
-
- ps: quotes taken without permission from issues of _Science_. I looked for
- copyright restrictions in the magazine but found none relating to information
- redistribution.
-
- --------------------------
- 1. "Tapping into Nerve Conversations" (Research News), _Science_ 248,
- p. 555 (4 May 1990). There's a good uphoto of the earlier
- 64-electrode prototype chip.
- 2. "Neural Interfacing" (Letters), _Science_ 248, pps. 1280-1281
- (15 June 1990).
-
-
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